Basic principles and components of the gamma camera. A srmiconductors based gamma imager performances of scintigraphy and pet gamma. Iaea quality control atlas for scintillation camera systems. Gamma cameras the most widespread of nuclear medical diagnostics.
This quality control atlas for scintillation camera systems has been developed under the auspices of the iaea. Evaluation of the scattered radiation components produced. We report the performance characteristic of gamma camera by intrinsic calibration and. In the gamma camera more than 99% of the emitted gamma rays are absorbed or scattered by the collimators. Gamma cameras or scintillation cameras are pieces of apparatus which allow radiologists to carry out scintigraphy scans, tests which. List performance characteristics of gamma cameras and features affecting performance. The major components are a collimator, a largearea. Gamma decay usually follows an alpha or beta decay and does not change element. Slides to iaea nuclear medicine physics handbook human health. Nuclear imaging camera consisting of a collection crystal head and magnifiers that create images of a target physiologic process from the radiation being emitted from a. Lawson, chief physicist at the nuclear medicine department of manchester royal.
Naitl crystal single or multicrystal over width of patient stops the. Using gamma cameras to assess internal contamination. A handbook for teachers and students chapter 11 slide 31185. Learn gamma camera with free interactive flashcards. The use of principal components in the quantitative analysis of gamma camera dynamic studies d c barber sheffield university and area health authority teaching, department of medical physics.
Elements of gamma camera and spect systems springerlink. The gamma camera is an imaging technique that is used to execute functional scans of brain, thyroid, lungs, liver, gallbladder and kidneys. Figure 1 illustrates the basic principles and components of the gamma camer a. The scattered radiation components produced in a gamma camera park was evaluated. This book, as suggested by the title, is a comprehensive guide to the gamma camera. Nuclear medicine gamma camera imaging the royal marsden. Iodine1 is used to detect thyroid a gland that absorbs iodine problems. Manufacturing and remanufacturing an economical and ecological approach to gamma camera. The two major components of these imaging procedures are radiopharmaceuticals and an imaging system.
The gamma camera usually consists of several components. The major components are a collimator, a largearea naiti scintillation crystal, a light guide, and an array of m tubes. The major components are a collimator, a largearea naitl scintillation crystal, a. A gamma camera consists of a lead collimator used to define the direction of the detected gamma rays, a nai ti scintillation crystal to convert the incident gamma. Related content the sensitivity of objective indices to changes in gamma camera nonuniformity a hughes and p f sharpfactors affecting gamma camera. The content has been established from the contributions of many persons and represents a wide range of situations from around the world and from scintillation camera.
Gamma camera radioactive decay gamma rays are produced by unstable nuclei when protons and neutrons rerange to a more stable configuration. Basic principles of gamma camera imaging and quality control. Most of the organic chemicals found in the body are made of carbon, oxygen. Components of the floodfield uniformity index in a gamma camera to cite this article. Choose from 108 different sets of gamma camera flashcards on quizlet. Survey meter quality control 3 perform and evaluate dose calibrator constancy, accuracy, linearity, and geometry tests b imaging equipment, components, and operation 1 gamma camera. The first scintillation camera or gamma camera proposed by hal anger 1957 consisted of a singlepinhole collimator, a 4indiameter by 14inthick naitl crystal, seven 1. Nuclear medicine imaging allows us to take pictures of an organ or disease using radio tracers that are selected based on their ability to localise in specific. Lars johansson, in principles of translational science in medicine. In this chapter, we have endeavored to explain the fundamentals of imaging systems, cameras and their components, and common clinical applications. In a gamma camera an event is considered valid when gamma ray is emitted perpendicular to the collimator holes, passes through a hole and interacts photo.
The gamma camera is positioned in such a way as to ensure that it selects the gamma photons being emitted by the organ under diagnostics. The use of principal components in the quantitative. A fraction of the radiation travels towards the gamma camera, of that an even. Gamma camera imaging of radioactive sources in patients three major components. Knowledge of the functions and capabilities of the computer is a vital component in delivering quality in scintigraphic images for diagnostic imaging. Nuclear medicine provides noninvasive imaging tools to detect a variety of human diseases. Gamma camera developed by hal anger at berkeley in 1957 therefore also called anger camera an electronic device that detects gamma rays emitted by radio pharmaceautical.
A gamma camera is a perfect device for detecting nuclear fission products from either nuclear detonations or nuclear power plant reactors accidents. The gamma camera can also provide signals to a computer for further analysis of the images. Photomultiplier tubespmt preamplifier position logic circuits amplifier pulse height analyzer data analysis computer. Gamma camera components and operation gamma camera components. Watch the following video clip and note down the main components of the camera. A block diagram of the basic components of a gamma camera is shown below. A later version of the basic anger camera is shown in figure 21.
Radiation energy considerations xray ct we want photons with differential absorption in tissue and complete absorption in the detectors nuclear medicine. Radiological and imaging sciences, medical physics and clinical engineering, medical school, queens medical centre. Components of a gamma came ra, including from bottom to top scintillation crystal, light guide w ith masking, circular pmts, magnetic shielding of pmts and signalproce ssing electronics 4. Components of the floodfield uniformity index in a gamma.
The gamma camera is positioned either over or under your body while you lie on a couch. A new gamma camera at a fraction of the cost drawing on many years of manufacturing experience since 1981, mie have developed a system of remanufacturing to deliver cost effective process is also ce certifed and fda registered. Gamma camera overview part iv 598 these recommendations focus on standard clinical use. Pdf quality control of gamma camera with spect systems. Block diagram of a gamma camera the crystal and pm tubes are housed in a cylindrical shaped housing commonly called the camera. The gamma camera is an imaging technique used to carry out functional scans of the brain, thyroid, lungs, liver, gallbladder, kidneys and skeleton. This paper presents a simulation for evaluation of the scattered radiation components produced in a gamma camera. One example is the quantitative applications for the bene. Basic elements of gamma camera systems collimator defines lines of response radiation detector counts the incident gamma photons computer system creates 2d images from detector data gantry system supports and moves gamma camera and patient schematic diagram showing the major components of a gamma camera. The radioactivity is converted to electrical impulses by the camera and the information is passed to a.
List basic gamma camera calibrations and how they affect performance. These procedures apply under the following conditions. Chapter 18, has matched the gamma camera for a balance of image quality, detection efficiency. Gamma radiation emitted from the radionuclide administered to the patient most commonly tc99m travels in all directions. Quality control of gamma camera with spect system is highly valuable for assurance performance characteristic. Figure 1 illustrates the basic principles of image formation with the gamma camera. The basic components of gamma camera are collimator, sodium iodide nai crystal, photomultiplier tubes pmt and position logic circuit.
For this, three different simind program configurations using lehr collimator were simulated. The crystals used in gamma cameras based on photomultiplier tubes pmts are typically made of naitl. Application of gamma camera gamma camera used to locate cancerous tumours,minor bone fractures,abnormal functioning of organs and other medical. Before we look at a patient being imaged and some of the images which can be obtained using this technique, we will look in a bit more detail at how a gamma camera works. The latter is a positionsensitive detector that relies on detecting gamma. Components of gamma camera collimator naita crystal.
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